Jack of All Trades, but...
From 1969 until 1972, then again
for an eight-year period after the universal college system was instituted at
Princeton, I served as the Master of Wilson College. I poured my heart into a job to which I
devoted a full quarter of my teaching career.
I therefore take it a little
personally that virtually overnight, in response to complaints and a sit-in by
undergraduates of the “Black Justice League,” the title of college “Master” was
jettisoned in favor of college “Head”.
Furthermore, according to the local and national press, the Princeton
administration will now seriously consider removing Wilson’s name from the
College of which I was master as well as from the Woodrow Wilson School of
Public and International Affairs. These
actions are of course undertaken on the grounds of sensitivity, openness,
“diversity,” and other comforting linguistic abstractions. I propose to devote my next two essays to the
two parts of the issue: the bowdlerization of academic titles today, Woodrow
Wilson next week.
One of the ex-Masters, Michael
Hecht of Forbes College, is quoted as saying the following: “Master
is a very loaded word. The word has this
baggage associated with it, so let’s get rid of that baggage.” I’m hoping that Head Hecht has been
misquoted, but I more than half fear that he actually believes this codswallop.
ca. 1300
What is the “baggage” that makes master “a very loaded word”? It is that in one of its tertiary meanings, long since obsolete, and as part of a compound phrase (slave master), it could denote the owner or supervisor of slaves. It has no such connotation in current English. Nouns become obsolete when the things they denote cease to exist. It is possible you have seen a master sergeant or a quartermaster or a postmaster. You may have sat across a board from a chess master, even a grand master. You have perhaps sat at the feet of a Zen master. But no living person has ever seen a slave master. Slave masters have gone the way of the Master of the Temple and the Master of Ballantrae Hall. You can conjure one up only by taxing your imagination. If you live on a horse farm and you hear outside your window the sound of clip-clop, clip-clop, you do not think “Zebra!”—not if you’re sensible.
We do not live on a horse farm but
on the campus of one of the world’s great universities. Here, surely, if words matter, they matter
enough to study and to use them with reasonable precision. What is the real
load borne by the common English word master?
It came to our language by way of the
French (maistre, maître) from the Latin (magister). The idea behind the family of words is that
of expert knowledge, training, or skill.
That is why in the lexical record the primary arena of the word family—master, masterpiece, mastery, magisterial, and a dozen more—has in all
periods of English linguistic history been pedagogy and learning. A master is a teacher. In traditional industrial and artisanal
structures an apprentice (meaning
“learner”) learned from a master
(meaning “teacher”). What the apprentice
learned was a mister (trade, skill,
profession), a word now obsolete, though remembered in the medieval “mystery”
plays once sponsored by professional trade guilds. But of course our current word Mister (polite form of address, male) is
actually the word master reflecting
the reduced stress of its proclitic use.
ca. 1870
Since the new Dean of the College is a Professor of English, she must know all this. I presume she still chairs the Council of Heads, olim the Council of Masters. At Commencement one of the tasks of her colleague the Dean of the Graduate School, the former Master of Butler College, will be to present to President Eisgruber a sizable cohort of candidates for the conferral of what heretofore has been known as the master’s degree. Are they now to be heads’ degrees? Heads or tails? The one is no more, and no less preposterous than the other. Shall we never again hear a visiting maestro conduct in Richardson Auditorium? Will no visiting instrumental virtuoso ever again offer a master class? Will we cease to boast of the Old Masters in the Princeton Art Museum? Only a most determined (or predetermined) search for offense will find it in the words college master. Must our beloved English language always be the first victim of political confusion?
ca. 1920
College professors are quite
capable of finding complexities undetected by ordinary mortals, and of
searching out previously unsuspected thought crimes. I know, because I am one. My first introduction to British academic
life came from a fine novel about precisely that: C. P. Snow’s The Masters. Of course there is also political mastery and
artistic mastery. The third and central
volume of Robert Caro’s still unfinished biography of Lyndon Johnson is
entitled Master of the Senate. One of its subjects is Johnson’s role in the
passage of the Civil Rights Act. The
Irish novelist Colm Toibin, a recent sojourner in Princeton, published a beautiful
novel “about” Henry James entitled The
Master. James was in fact and most
appropriately called “the Master” by his literary admirers and disciples. Among James’s most remarkable stories—one I
would recommend to any seeker after truth in art and life—is that entitled “The
Lesson of the Master.” The lesson of the
master, one most ironically delivered in this story, is that in the pursuit of
a theoretical perfection you may lose it all.
ca. 2010
There was exactly as much racism in
the “masters” of my last paragraphs as there was in the title “Master of Wilson
College”: that is, precisely none. So on
factitious grounds Princeton University has now jettisoned a venerable title
wholly appropriate to its mission of teaching and learning in favor of one
appropriate to the organizational chart of a corporation. Head!? Talk about a word laden with baggage! Some years ago some disgruntled ex-professors
from the University of California, Santa Barbara, went into the bar business in
Goleta. They called their establishment “The English Department”. The doors on its toilets read “Departmental
Heads”.
We do our students no service by
turning the lexicon of the English language into a political Rorschach
Test. Nor should we be surprised when
many intelligent people in what we call the Real World, reading about what goes
on on our campuses, confuse the Academy with Alice’s Wonderland.
"’When I use a word,’ Humpty Dumpty said,
in rather a scornful tone, ‘it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more
nor less.’ ’The question is,’ said Alice, ‘whether you can make words mean so many different things.’ ‘The
question is,’ said Humpty Dumpty, ‘which is to be master—that's all.’”
